Abstract: The aim of this study was to relate political participation and authoritarianism, assuming that higher scores in authoritarianism would imply a lower degree of political participation. By incidental probabilistic selection it is obtained a sample of 233 volunteer participants aged between 18 and 73 years old (M = 32.86; DT = 14.085). The results provide empirical evidence on the significant differences in the factor “authoritarian aggression” of the Right Wing Authoritarian scale (RWA), assuming an inverse relationship with political participation. No gender differences were found in political participation, although they were found regarding to age, where higher participation scores were obtained in people over 46 years old. Likewise, significant differences were found in the “electoral” dimension of the Participation Behavior Questionnaire (CCP), in relation to the level of studies, considering higher levels of electoral participation when the educational level is higher. In addition, empirical evidences have been found pointing to higher scores of authoritarianism in people positioned on the right side of the political spectrum. The implications of the results obtained are discussed and the future research lines are outlined in the subject.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar la participación política y el autoritarismo, suponiendo que este implicaría un menor grado de participación política. Mediante el método de selección probabilística incidental, se obtuvo una muestra de 233 participantes voluntarios con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 73 años (M = 32,86; DT = 14,085). Los resultados aportan evidencias empíricas sobre las diferencias significativas en el factor “agresión autoritaria” de la Escala Autoritarismo de Derechas (RWA), suponiéndose una relación inversa con la participación política. No se hallaron diferencias en cuanto al sexo en la participación política, aunque sí respecto a la edad, donde se obtuvieron mayores puntuaciones de participación en las personas con edades superiores a 46 años. Asimismo, se encontraron diferencias significativas en la dimensión “electoral” del Cuestionario de Conductas de Participación (CCP) en relación con el nivel de estudios, considerando mayores niveles de participación electoral cuanto mayor es el nivel educativo. Además, se han hallado evidencias empíricas que apuntan a mayor autoritarismo en personas posicionadas en la derecha del espectro político. Se discute sobre las implicaciones de los resultados obtenidos y se plantean futuras líneas de investigación en la temática.

Resumen Dado el gran auge del uso de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) por parte del colectivo juvenil resulta de interés el análisis de los patrones disfuncionales y de su potencialidad adictiva. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en explorar las relaciones entre el uso problemático de internet y factores de riesgo como la impulsividad, así como analizar las diferencias en conflictos intra e interpersonales asociados en función del género y la edad. Han participado 240 adolescentes y jóvenes (124 mujeres y 116 hombres) con edades comprendidas entre los 15 y 22 años (X= 18.075; DT= 2.36), estudiantes del Principado de Asturias (España). Nuestros resultados sugieren que 11.25% de los adolescentes hacen usos problemáticos de internet frente a un 88.75% que muestran un uso controlado. Respecto a las diferencias en función del género y de la edad no han resultado significativas. Se ha hallado que la baja autoestima y la impulsividad cognitiva y no planeada predicen con mayor probabilidad el uso desadaptativo de internet. Presentar mayor propensión a tomar decisiones rápidas, así como mostrar más interés en la toma de decisiones presentes que futuras, aumenta las probabilidades de puntuar más alto en conflictos interpersonales asociados al uso problemático de internet. Se discuten las implicaciones de tales hallazgos.

Abstract Given the great increase in the use of new information and communication technologies (ICTS) in recent years by the youth collective, it is interesting to analyze dysfunctional patterns and their addictive potential. The aim of this research is to explore the relationship between problematic Internet use and risk factors such as impulsivity, and to analyze potential differences in intra and interpersonal conflicts associated to gender and age. 240 adolescents and young people (124 women and 116 men) aged between 15 and 22 years (X = 18.075; SD= 2.36) participated, all of them students of the Principality of Asturias (Spain). Problematic Internet use was found among 11.25 % of adolescents compared with 88.75 % showing a controlled use. No significant effects of gender and age were registered. It was found that low self-esteem as well as cognitive and unplanned impulsivity predict with high likelihood maladaptive Internet use. Greater propensity to make quick decisions and showing more interest in making decisions for the present than for future increased the likelihood of higher scoring in interpersonal conflicts associated with problematic Internet use. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Resumo Dado o grande auge do uso das Novas Tecnologias da Informação e a Comunicação (TICS) por parte do coletivo juvenil resulta de interesse a análise dos patrões disfuncionais e de sua potencialidade aditiva. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em explorar as relações entre o uso problemático da Internet e fatores de risco como a impulsividade, assim como analisar as diferenças em conflitos intrapessoais e interpessoais associados em função do gênero e o nível de idade. Têm participado 240 adolescentes e jovens (124 mulheres e 116 homens) com idades compreendidas entre os 15 e 22 anos (X= 18.075; DT= 2.36), estudantes do Principado de Astúrias (Espanha). Em relação com a possível existência de usos problemáticos da Internet resulta atribuível ao 11.25% dos adolescentes frente a um 88.75% que mostram um uso controlado. Respeito às diferenças em função do gênero e da idade não têm resultado significativas. Se tem encontrado que a baixa autoestima e a Impulsividade Cognitiva e Não Planejada predizem com maior probabilidade o uso mal-adaptativo da Internet. Apresentar maior propensão a tomar decisões rápidas, assim como mostrar maior interesse nas tomadas de decisões presentes que futuras, aumentam as probabilidades de pontuar mais alto em Conflitos interpessoais associados ao uso problemático da Internet. Discutem-se as implicações de tais resultados.

Resumen La relación entre el consumo de alcohol y la conducta antisocial en adolescentes ha sido ampliamente reportada en investigaciones anteriores. El objetivo principal de este estudio es evaluar dicha relación, además de estudiar cómo influye en ella la impulsividad. Se utilizó la Escala Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI) para evaluar el consumo de alcohol, la Escala de Conducta Antisocial y Delictiva en Adolescentes, y la Escala de Impulsividad de Barratt para la conducta antisocial. Se hizo un muestreo no probabilístico de tipo intencional que resultó en una muestra compuesta por 212 adolescentes con edades entre los 12 y los 18 años (M = 14.1, DE = 1.48). Los resultados mostraron que las variables que mejor predicen la conducta antisocial en adolescentes son el consumo de alcohol y la impulsividad cognitiva; y se comprobó que existen diferencias significativas en la conducta antisocial según el género, pero no en función del consumo de alcohol. Respecto al nivel de edad, se encontraron diferencias significativas entre todos los niveles de edad en el consumo de alcohol; así como diferencias en la conducta antisocial entre la adolescencia temprana y la adolescencia media, y entre la adolescencia temprana y la adolescencia tardía. Se discuten las posibles implicaciones de la vinculación entre el consumo de alcohol y el delito, en virtud de los resultados obtenidos.

Abstract The relationship between alcohol use and antisocial behaviour in teenagers has been widely reported in previous research. Our main aim was to evaluate this relationship, and also to study how impulsivity influences it. The instruments used were the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI), to evaluate alcohol consumption; the Scale of Antisocial and Criminal Behaviour in Teenagers, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, to assess these behaviors in the youth. The sampling method was non probabilistic and intentional, and the sample consisted of 212 teenagers aged between 12 and 18 years (Average=14.1, SD=1.48). The results showed that the variables which better predict anti-social behaviour in teenagers are alcohol consumption and cognitive impulsiveness. On the other hand, it was found that there are significant differences in antisocial behavior according to gender, but not in terms of alcohol consumption. Regarding age level, significant differences were found in alcohol consumption between all age levels, and in antisocial behavior are concentrated between early and medium adolescence, and between early and late adolescence. The possible implications of the link between alcohol consumption and crime by virtue of the results obtained are discussed.

Resumo A relação entre o consumo de álcool e a conduta antissocial em adolescentes tem sido amplamente relatada em pesquisas anteriores. O objetivo principal deste estudo é avaliar tal relação, além de estudar como a impulsividade tem influência nela. Utilizou-se a Escala Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (Rapi) para avaliar o consumo de álcool, a Escala de Condutas Antissociais e Delitivas em Adolescentes e a Escala de Impulsividade de Barratt para a conduta antissocial. Foi feita uma amostragem não probabilística de tipo intencional que resultou em uma amostra composta por 212 adolescentes com idades entre 12 e 18 anos (M = 14.1, DP = 1.48). Os resultados mostraram que as variáveis que melhor predizem a conduta antissocial em adolescentes são o consumo de álcool e a impulsividade cognitiva; ainda, ficou comprovado que existem diferenças significativas na conduta social de acordo com o gênero, mas não em função do consumo de álcool. Com relação ao nível de idade, foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre todos os níveis de idade no consumo de álcool, assim como diferenças na conduta antissocial entre a adolescência precoce e a adolescência média, e entre a adolescência precoce e a adolescência tardia. Discutem-se as possíveis implicações da associação entre o consumo de álcool e o delito em virtude dos resultados obtidos.

Resumen La inteligencia emocional tiene un gran impacto a nivel personal y profesional. La esfera laboral representa una parte fundamental en la vida de las personas, siendo uno de los indicadores de éxito en el trabajo la satisfacción laboral, de ahí que el objetivo propuesto sea comprobar la relación entre inteligencia emocional y satisfacción laboral. Este estudio cuenta con 214 participantes entre 18 y 65 años (media=39.69; DT=12.967; 56.25% mujeres, 43.75 % hombres) de diferentes ámbitos profesionales -sociosanitario, educativo, servicios y manipulativo- y con diversos niveles de experiencia. El principal hallazgo ha sido confirmar que el ámbito de dedicación profesional tiene implicaciones tanto a nivel de inteligencia emocional de los trabajadores como en la satisfacción con el trabajo. Otras variables, como los años de experiencia laboral, no parecen tener influencia, al menos por sí mismas, en la satisfacción profesional percibida por los trabajadores, si bien se halló que el ámbito profesional es una variable mediadora en la relación entre inteligencia emocional y satisfacción laboral.

Abstract Emotional intelligence has a great impact on personal and professional level. Labor sphere represents a fundamental part in the lives of people, being job satisfaction one of the indicators of success at work, hence the objective proposed was to test the relationship between emotional intelligence and job satisfaction. This study included 214 participants aged 18 to 65 (mean = 39.69, SD = 12,967; 56.25% female, 43.75% male) from different professional fields -socio sanitary, educational, services and manipulative- and with different levels of experience. The main finding is that it has been confirmed that the scope of professional dedication has implications both at the level of emotional intelligence of employees, and satisfaction with work. Other variables, such as years of work experience do not appear to influence, at least for themselves, in the job satisfaction perceived by workers, although it was found that the professional field is a mediating variable in the relationship between emotional intelligence and job satisfaction.

RESUMEN De acuerdo con una perspectiva de análisis contextual y dialéctica del transcurso de la vida, se ofrece un estudio psicosociológico de las relaciones intergeneracionales en contextos familiares. Se resaltan las similitudes y divergencias del proceso de envejecimiento en contextos europeos y latinoamericanos atendiendo al proceso de postmodernización de la familia. Se promueve el envejecimiento activo y la superación optimizante del paradigma de la decadencia y la pérdida, para lo cual se valora el fomento y la dinamización de la participación social y comunitaria de los adultos mayores en programas intergeneracionales. Se concluye que en nuestras sociedades, tanto del arco mediterráneo como latinoamericanas, la proliferación de redes de apoyo social basadas en el compromiso de la reciprocidad intrafamiliar e intergeneracional son un ejemplo del paradigma del envejecimiento productivo.

ABSTRACT According to a dialectical context of lifetime analysis perspective, provides a psychosocial study of intergenerational relationships in familiar contexts. Emphasis is placed on the similarities and differences of the process of aging in European and Latin-American contexts attending to the process of post modernization of the family and to macro situational aspects. It also promotes active aging and optimizing overcoming the paradigm of decay and loss, for which values the development and revitalization of social and community participation of older people in intergenerational programs. We conclude that in our societies, the Mediterranean and Latin-America, the proliferation of social support networks based on the commitment of the reciprocity and inter generational are a clear example of the paradigm of the productive aging.

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar factores vinculados a la estructura y funcionalidad familiar, así como de carácter sociodemográfico, relacionados con el comportamiento delictivo en adolescentes. Para ello, seleccionamos aleatoriamente una muestra de escolares (n=118) del Principado de Asturias (España), divididos en dos grupos: cívico (n=87) y comportamiento delictivo (n=31), así como un grupo de adolescentes que cumplen Medida Judicial en Régimen Medio Abierto (n=22). Hallamos diferencias significativas en función de características individuales como edad, género y nivel de estudios, siendo los varones con mayor edad los que presentan más conductas delictivas. La formación académica de la madre, la separación conyugal y la ausencia del padre, son factores influyentes en el desarrollo de comportamientos delictivos que deriven en una sanción penal. Proponemos una discusión sobre las implicaciones de los resultados para la prevención de los comportamientos delictivos en menores.

This study aims to analyze factors associated with family structure and functionality, as well as socio-demographic characteristics, related to criminal behavior in adolescents. The authors selected a random sample of students (n=118) from the Principality of Asturias (Spain) that were divided into two groups: civic-minded (n=87) and criminal behavior (n= 31) and a group of adolescents that are currently the subject of court ordered sanctions (n=22). Significant differences were found in terms of individual characteristics such as age, gender and educational level, with older male adolescents presenting the highest levels of criminal behavior. The educational level of mothers, whether parents have separated and absent fathers are influential in the development of criminal behavior that could result in court-ordered punishments. The implications of these results for the prevention of juvenile criminal behavior are discussed.

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os fatores associados à estrutura e à funcionalidade familiar, bem como a natureza sociodemográfica, relacionados ao comportamento criminal em adolescentes. Para isso, foi selecionada uma amostra aleatória de estudantes (n=118) do Principado de Asturias (Espanha), divididos em dois grupos: cívico (n= 87) e comportamento criminoso (n=31), assim como um grupo de adolescentes que cumprem Medida Judicial em regime semiaberto (n=22). Foram encontradas diferenças significativas em termos de características individuais, tais como idade, sexo e nível de escolaridade, sendo os homens mais velhos os que apresentam maior comportamento criminal. A formação acadêmica da mãe, a separação dos pais e a ausência do pai são fatores que influenciam no desenvolvimento de comportamento criminoso que poderia resultar em sanção penal. São discutidas as implicações dos resultados para a prevenção de comportamento criminoso juvenil.

La desadaptación juvenil está asociada con diversos factores psicosociales, y los de carácter familiar y escolar son algunos de los más significativos. El objetivo del estudio es explicar la relación que existe entre los factores de socialización y afrontamiento en la resolución de problemas para el desarrollo de una competencia social adaptada en el periodo adolescente. Para ello, se seleccionaron los participantes mediante un muestreo intencional, con submues-treo por conglomerados, y el total fue de 493 alumnos adolescentes (rango de edad de 12 a 19 años). Los resultados confirman que los adolescentes cuentan con los medios suficientes para afrontar los problemas y optan por la inmediatez de la respuesta, constatando como variables importantes aquellas que tienen que ver con el apoyo social y la consideración de los demás, la influencia negativa del retraimiento social y el autocontrol en las relaciones sociales. Se plantea la importancia del proceso de socialización en el andamiaje para alcanzar una adaptación competente.

The juvenile maladjustment is associated with several psychosocial factors, the family and school some of the most significant. The aim of this study is to explain the relationship between socialization and coping factors in problem solving for the development of social competence adapted in the adolescent period. To this end, participants selected trough by purposive sampling with subsampling cluster with a total of 493 adolescents students (age range 12-19 years). The found results confirm that our teenagers have the means to address problems and opt for the immediacy of the response, noting important variables as those having to do with social support and consideration of others, the negative influence of social withdrawal and self-control in social relations. The importance of the socialization process in the scaffold is proposed to achieve a competent adaptation

The present study is framed within the analysis of the relationship between family background and offending behaviour at young age, considered crime during adulthood; and drug use. The aim is to establish the possible influence of family maltreatment experienced during the socialization period on the early onset of drug use in a sample of prison inmates from the Villabona Penitentiary (Asturias, Spain). The study was performed with a total of 157 inmates who participated voluntarily. Physical and psychological violence exercised by parents and siblings was considered a predicting variable, with psychoactive substances consumption being considered a dependent variable. Analysis of survival was performed using the Cox regression method, and is therefore mediated by both the type of inmate (i.e. primary or recidivist) and the type of crime for which they are serving time in prison. According to the rate of recidivism, results reveal the importance of maltreatment experienced within families in the earlier onset of tobacco, alcohol, cocaine, heroin and amphetamines use. Likewise, according to the type of crime, maltreatment within the family influences the initiation of alcohol, cannabis, prescription drugs, cocaine, amphetamines and designer drugs consumption.

El estudio se ha enmarcado en el análisis de la relación entre el contexto familiar y conductas infractores a corta edad, a considerar delictivas en la edad adulta, con el consumo de drogas, siendo el objetivo establecer la posible influencia que el maltrato familiar durante el período de socialización tiene en una edad temprana de inicio de un consumo de drogas en una muestra de reclusos del establecimiento penitenciario de Villabona (Asturias, España). El estudio se realizó con un total de 157 internos que participaron de manera voluntaria, a la vez que se considera como variable predictora la violencia física y psicológica de los padres y hermanos y variable criterio el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. De los resultados obtenidos a través del análisis de supervivencia, mediante el método de regresión de Cox, y mediado, tanto por el estado del interno como por el delito cometido por el que cumplen condena en prisión, se concluye la importancia del maltrato sufrido en el seno familiar, en el inicio del consumo más temprano de tabaco, alcohol, cocaína, heroína y anfetaminas según el nivel de reincidencia, así como en el inicio de consumo de alcohol, cannabis, fármacos, cocaína, anfetaminas y drogas de diseño según el tipo de delito.

La vinculación entre comportamiento transgresor y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas ha sido estudiada en diferentes investigaciones con el objetivo de establecer una posible relación causal, sin que hasta la fecha se haya llegado a conclusiones definitivas. El objetivo que nos planteamos en este estudio es conocer la edad de inicio al consumo de algunas sustancias, tanto legales como ilegales, dentro de una muestra penitenciaria, separando ésta por el número de ingresos penitenciarios. Participaron 157 reclusos de la cárcel de Villabona (Asturias), de edades que abarcan desde los 19 a los 49 años, siendo solamente mujeres el 5,1%. El número de ingresos en prisión se ha clasificado en dos grupos: Primarios (una sola entrada en la cárcel) y reincidentes (dos ó más ingresos). El análisis de supervivencia realizado mediante el procedimiento Kaplan-Meier, ofrece diferencias significativas en la edad de inicio del consumo en algunas de las sustancias consideradas, resaltando la importancia del inicio precoz en el consumo para identificar la población reclusa reincidente.

The entail between behavior transgressor and consumption of psychoactive substances has been studied in different investigations by the aim to establish a possible causal relation, without up to the date it has come near to definitive conclusions. The aim that we appear in this study is to know the age of beginning to the consumption of some substances, both legal and illegal, inside a penitentiary sample, dividing this one for the number of penitentiary income. There took part 157 prisoners of Villabona'sprision (Asturias), of ages that they include from the 19 at the age of 49, being only women 5,1 %. The number of income in prison has qualified in two groups: Primary (an alone entry in the jail) and recidivism (two ó more income). The analysis of survival realized by means of the procedure Kaplan-Meier, it offers significant differences in the age of beginning of the consumption in some of the considered substances, highlighting the importance of the precocious beginning in the consumption for the backslider prisoner population.

El consumo juvenil de alcohol representa, en la cultura mediterránea, una práctica caracterizada por usos recreativos, ligada a procesos de interacción grupal e identitarios. Nuestro objetivo es ofrecer un análisis descriptivo y diferencial, por niveles de edad e ingesta realizada, de las tendencias de consumo de alcohol, así como de las percepciones de riesgo y de los motivadores de consumo, en un colectivo de 845 adolescentes escolarizados del Principado de Asturias (España). Se confirman las tendencias emergentes sobre hábitos de consumo de alcohol y los patrones de uso/abuso representativos del estilo de ocio juvenil, así como motivaciones y percepciones de riesgo diferenciales, en virtud de la mentalidad del usuario. Se avanzan líneas prospectivas de actuación basadas en intervenciones psicosociales y sociocomunitarias.

In the Mediterranean culture the young consumption of alcohol represents a practice associated with a recreative culture tied to processes of group interaction and identity. Our aim is to offer a descriptive and differential analysis for levels of age and ingestion realized of the trends of consumption of alcohol, as well as the perceptions of risk and motivations of consumption in a group of 845 Spanish teenagers of the Principado de Asturias. The emergent trends are confirmed on habits of consumption of alcohol and the representative bosses of use/abuse of the style of juvenile leisure, as well as motivations and differential perceptions of risk by virtue of the mentality of the user. There are advanced market lines of prevention based on psychosocial interventions and socio community.

Objective. To offer an analysis of the factors that determine the consumption of psychoactive substances by youth and to evaluate the predictive capacity of variables related to attitude, affect, the family and groups, as well as academics, among others. Materials and Methods. A sample of 750 adolescents was selected at the Principado de Asturias (Spain) (mode 15 years of age, mean=14.69) enrolled during the 2008-2009 academic year. Results. It was confirmed that the teenagers who consumed alcohol and other drugs present a differential profile as compared to non-consumers with respect to greater attitudinal permissiveness, effect of paternal modelling and peer groups, institutional dissatisfaction, emotional instability, and manifestation of more disruptive conducts with problems relating to others and attention-seeking. Conclusions. From our ethiological model we conclude that the consumption of drugs by youth is determined by an interrelation of personal, familiar, school and psychosocial variables.

Objetivo. Analizar los factores que determinan el consumo juvenil de sustancias psicoactivas evaluando la capacidad predictiva de variables actitudinales, afectivas, relacionales a nivel familiar y grupal, así como académicas, entre otras. Material y métodos. Se ha seleccionado una muestra de 750 adolescentes del Principado de Asturias (España) (moda 15 años, media=14.69) escolarizados en el curso académico 2008-2009. Resultados. Se ha confirmado que los adolescentes que consumen alcohol y otras drogas presentan un perfil diferencial respecto a los no consumidores en factores relativos a la mayor permisividad actitudinal, efecto de modelado paterno y del grupo de iguales, insatisfacción institucional, inestabilidad emocional y manifestación de más conductas disruptivas con problemas de relación y búsquedas de atención. Conclusiones. A partir de nuestro modelo etiológico se concluye que el consumo juvenil de drogas está determinado por la interrelación de variables personales, familiares, escolares y psicosociales.

Objective. To offer an analysis of the factors that determine the consumption of psychoactive substances by youth and to evaluate the predictive capacity of variables related to attitude, affect, the family and groups, as well as academics, among others. Materials and Methods. A sample of 750 adolescents was selected at the Principado de Asturias (Spain) (mode 15 years of age, mean=14.69) enrolled during the 2008-2009 academic year. Results. It was confirmed that the teenagers who consumed alcohol and other drugs present a differential profile as compared to non-consumers with respect to greater attitudinal permissiveness, effect of paternal modelling and peer groups, institutional dissatisfaction, emotional instability, and manifestation of more disruptive conducts with problems relating to others and attention-seeking. Conclusions. From our ethiological model we conclude that the consumption of drugs by youth is determined by an interrelation of personal, familiar, school and psychosocial variables.

Objetivo. Analizar los factores que determinan el consumo juvenil de sustancias psicoactivas evaluando la capacidad predictiva de variables actitudinales, afectivas, relacionales a nivel familiar y grupal, así como académicas, entre otras. Material y métodos. Se ha seleccionado una muestra de 750 adolescentes del Principado de Asturias (España) (moda 15 años, media=14.69) escolarizados en el curso académico 2008-2009. Resultados. Se ha confirmado que los adolescentes que consumen alcohol y otras drogas presentan un perfil diferencial respecto a los no consumidores en factores relativos a la mayor permisividad actitudinal, efecto de modelado paterno y del grupo de iguales, insatisfacción institucional, inestabilidad emocional y manifestación de más conductas disruptivas con problemas de relación y búsquedas de atención. Conclusiones. A partir de nuestro modelo etiológico se concluye que el consumo juvenil de drogas está determinado por la interrelación de variables personales, familiares, escolares y psicosociales.

La experimentación juvenil con drogas iniciáticas (alcohol y tabaco) y, en menor medida, con otras sustancias ilegales, se halla asociada a pautas de ocio juvenil caracterizadas por la sobreactivación, la vinculación grupal y la satisfacción hedónica en prácticas propias de la cultura recreativa. El inicio precoz se sitúa en los primeros años de la adolescencia, de ahí que se haya realizado un estudio exploratorio con una muestra de estudiantes de educación secundaria del Principado de Asturias (España) con edades comprendidas entre los doce y los dieciocho años. El objetivo del estudio es ofrecer un perfil diferencial de consumo en función de los niveles de edad. Se ha hallado una tendencia de consumo de fin de semana con mayor habituación y frecuencia de experimentación en niveles superiores. Se ha confirmado la manifestación de la mentalidad del usuario con una percepción de riesgo distorsionada. Se concluye que han de promoverse políticas preventivas a nivel educativo, estatal y comunitario.

The young experimentation with initiation drugs (alcohol and tobacco) and, by smaller measurement, with illegal psychoactive substances is associated to young leisure trends distinguished by super activation, peer-groups tying and the satisfaction in own practices of the recreative culture. The precocious consumption is placed in first years of adolescence, so we have achieved an exploratory study with a sample of secondary school students of the Principado de Asturias (Spain) between twelve and eighteen years old. The aim of the study is to offer a differential profile of consumption depending on the levels of age. A week-end consumption trend with more habituation and use frequency by level of age has been found out. The user mentality with a distorted risk perception has been confirmed. We conclude that preventive to educative, state and community level politics ought to be promoted.

Introduction This research offers a comprehensive analysis of the distinctive status of Alcohol in two types of young consumers (alcohol and alcohol/ cannabis), which is internalised by the consumers themselves, creating a distortion in their risk perceptions inherent to experimentation. In this sense, the focus of this study is on the change experienced in the attitude sphere in a threefold dimension: cognitive factors (beliefs, expectations, perceptions, etc.), affective factors (identification with the user, liking or disliking, etc.), and behavioural factors (inclination to accept the habit); as well as risk perception and the conscience of the physical and/or psychosocial damage derived from alcohol experimentation and the motivations that lead to its consumption in a sample of adolescents from four High Schools in the Principality of Asturias (Spain). We link such attitude profiles to the social representation of recreational drugs associated with socio-cognitive restructurating processes promoted by the corresponding user mentalities. In addition, there is evidence of the influence of the sociocultural context on the distinctive status of the psychoactive substances analysed, in this case alcohol and those derived from cannabis. Contrary to the high permissiveness towards alcohol, other psychoactive substances, such as cannabis products, are socially demonised, as they have been considered a gateway for the use of other drugs coming from a tradition far from the western one. However, there appear to be more permissive consciences lately. In relation to young people, attitudes of guilt are being made more flexible, a tendency that can be extended to the distortion of risk perception in alcohol consumption among the users of cannabis products themselves. Strictly, we should consider the distinctive perceptions of the risks associated with experimentation and the attitude patterns that identify them. We must also consider cannabis products and whether or not they are being compared to alcohol as a social drug, or if, on the contrary, the rejection conscience of such practices is being reinforced. Materials and method A distinctive and descriptive analysis of users of alcohol and cannabis products with respect to non-users is presented. This analysis encompasses the attitude sphere, risk perception and the knowledge of the negative consequences derived from the use of alcohol and other experimentation with psychoactive substances in a sample of 273 adolescents, chosen from four High Schools in the Principality of Asturias (Spain) by means of an intentional sampling. They have different academic levels and are within the ages of 14 to 18, the average age being 16.5. 140 of them are girls (51.3% of the sample) and 133 boys (48.7% remaining). The main variables studied are those related to attitudes towards adolescents' use of alcohol alone and those who habitually use it with cannabis products. The main study variables are represented by the attitude sphere, risk perception, the problematic of alcohol consumption, and the knowledge of the negative consequences derived from alcohol consumption and from other experimentations with cannabis and other psychoactive substances. A questionnaire, created ad hoc, has been provided by the researchers, which, under the label of Scale of attitudes and habits of alcohol consumption, includes an analysis of different related elements in the aetiological proposal. The value of Alpha in 273 valid cases and 142 items is .9171. With regard to the research procedure, an anonymous presentation of the Scale to the aforementioned group of students over a two-week time period has been prepared. For the statistical treatment of the data, a statistics package SPSS, version 14.0 has been used. Results According to the results obtained, it is confirmed that adolescent alcohol consumers, on one hand, and those who consume alcohol and cannabis products, on the other, show attitudes of great permissiveness towards consumption, distorted beliefs and expectations, socio-affective alienation and scarce sensitising with respect to those affected by the problematic of it, and a favourable disposition to consumption and even an alcoholic habituation. Firstly, a comparative analysis of response percentages has been done, before indicators through which different aspects of the cognitive, affective and behavioural dimensions of the attitude towards alcohol consumption are evaluated, along with the distortion of risk perception and basic information about the consequences derived from consumption experiences, in either adolescents who are users of alcohol, or those who, apart from alcohol, are habitual users of cannabis products. From the descriptive analysis some conclusions can be drawn such as: • Obvious permissive disposition towards the process of alcoholic habituation in adolescent users of alcohol, mainly extensible to users of both alcohol and cannabis products. • From the evaluation of the cognitive dimension of the attitudes, explicit disposition is confirmed, in the sense of displaying a distortion of these attitudes. This can be attributed to, as it has been pointed out in the theoretical exposition, the possible action of the user mentality. • In the evaluation of attitude aspects, a dominant tendency to display a scarce identification and sensitising disposition with respect to those who give up drinking or are abstemious and even to openly show rejection to congratulating somebody that has given up drinking. • Lastly, the finding of coincidences between adolescent alcohol users and those who also use cannabis products in the determination of the main motivations that drive their alcohol consumption. The tendency of a more permissive attitude towards alcohol consumption in adolescents is confirmed along with a distorted perception of the risks derived from questions related to organic damage associated with experimentation. In the evaluation of the alcoholism problematic in our society, we also have found the confirmation of a mentality associated with experimentation that leads to a distortion of the damages derived from experimentation. Therefore, with respect to the distinctive analysis of the main motivations that drive alcohol consumption, a tendency of evasion of routine is confirmed. Peer pressure by consumer friends, disposition to lose one's inhibitions, meeting people, and experiencing euphoria are the main reasons that drive experimentation in adolescents who consume alcohol and, also, in those users of both alcohol and cannabis products. A tendency to recognise the scarce negative consequences suffered is derived from the analysis of the degree of perceived problems stemming from experimentation with different psychoactive substances, as well as the risk perception and negative consequences derived from their experiences of alcohol consumption and from the main explicit reasons for not drinking. According to an analysis procedure similar to the aforementioned, the importance of the differences found between consumers and non-consumers either of alcohol or both alcohol and cannabis products could be determined, confirming recognition of worse consequences perceived on physical and psychosocial health derived from experimentation, even though it cannot benefit a real consciousness, as has been confirmed through the previous attitude analysis.

Objetivo Nuestro objeto de estudio es el análisis de las actitudes hacia la experimentación con sustancias psicoactivas (alcohol y cannabis) de acuerdo a una triple dimensionalidad: factores cognitivos (creencias, expectativas, percepciones, etc.), afectivos (identificación con los usuarios, agrado o desagrado, etc.) y comportamentales (inclinación para la aceptación del hábito). Así como la percepción de riesgos y la conciencia de daño físico y/o psicosocial derivado de la experimentación con alcohol. Además de analizar los motivadores del consumo en una muestra de adolescentes de cuatro Centros de Secundaria del Principado de Asturias, España. Se ofrece un análisis comprehensivo del estatuto diferencial que el alcohol tiene entre dos perfiles de jóvenes consumidores (alcohol y alcohol/cannabis) que es interiorizado por los propios consumidores afectando a una distorsión de sus percepciones de riesgo inherentes a la experimentación. Vinculamos semejantes perfiles actitudinales a procesos de reestructuración sociocognitiva y de carácter motivacional impulsados por las correspondientes mentalidades del usuario. Asimismo, se evidencia la influencia del contexto sociocultural sobre el estatuto diferencial de las sustancias psicoactivas objeto de análisis, en este caso alcohol y derivados cannábicos. Material y métodos Se realizó un muestreo intencional de un colectivo de 273 adolescentes escolarizados de diferentes niveles académicos de edades que oscilan entre los 14 y 18 años que cursan estudios en cuatro Centros de Enseñanza Secundaria del Principado de Asturias, España. Las principales variables investigadas son las relativas a las actitudes ante el consumo de alcohol por parte de adolescentes experimentadores de tal sustancia y de aquellos que usan regularmente junto al alcohol los derivados cannábicos. La esfera actitudinal ha representado la principal área explorada bajo una triple dimensionalidad: factores cognitivos (creencias, expectativas, percepciones, etc.), afectivos (identificación con los usuarios, agrado o desagrado, etc.) y comportamentales (disposición para el consumo e inclinación para la aceptación del hábito). Asimismo, se ha investigado acerca de las motivaciones que impulsan al consumo y las razones explicitadas para beber y no beber, así como sobre aquellas que pueden mediatizar semejantes usos. Junto al plano actitudinal, la percepción del grado de riesgo y problematicidad inherente al consumo de alcohol, así como el conocimiento acerca de las consecuencias negativas derivadas del consumo de alcohol y de las experimentaciones con cannabis y otras sustancias psicoactivas representan las principales variables investigadas. Resultados Se confirma que tanto los adolescentes consumidores de alcohol, por un lado, como los de alcohol y derivados cannábicos, por otro, muestran unas actitudes de gran permisividad ante el consumo, creencias y falsas expectativas, desapego socioafectivo y escasa sensibilidad respecto a quienes se hayan afectados por la problemática, así como una disposición favorable al consumo e incluso a la habituación alcohólica. Del análisis del grado de problematicidad percibida, derivada de la experimentación con diversas sustancias psicoactivas, así como de la percepción de riesgos y consecuencias negativas que se han derivado de sus experiencias de consumo de alcohol, se deriva una tendencia a reconocer las escasas consecuencias negativas sufridas. A partir del análisis diferencial de los factores de percepción de riesgo y de las razones que podrían aducirse para no-beber se ha confirmado que los adolescentes que experimentan con alcohol y derivados cannábicos manifiestan en su conjunto una menor percepción de los riesgos asociados a la experimentación contrastando con la mayor concientización del potencial daño alcohólico de quienes no son usuarios. A partir del análisis de las actitudes globales ante el alcohol se confirma que los consumidores de otras sustancias psicoactivas -en relación con los adolescentes que beben pero no experimentan con otras drogas- son más permisivos, manifiestan unas creencias más distorsionadas y una mayor disposición hacia la habituación alcohólica.

Social representations on the experience of young people with psychoactive substances are described, as well as changes in the dominant tendencies on the risks associated with alcohol consumption in the Mediterranean culture and other drugs, such as derivatives of cannabis or psycho stimulants. This study proposes, as a preventive, psychosocial and socio-communitarian intervention strategy, to work on the reflection of social representations and the dominant discourse on drugs in order to redimension the consequences of the experience with psychoactive substances, to increase risk perceptions and to promote changes in attitudes, with a view to a positive and healthy tendency at the global level.

En este artículo se describen las representaciones sociales sobre la experimentación juvenil con sustancias psicoactivas y los cambios en las tendencias dominantes acerca de los riesgos asociados al consumo de alcohol en la cultura mediterránea u otras drogas como los derivados canábicos o los psicoestimulantes. Se propone como estrategia preventiva y de intervención psicosocial y sociocomunitaria incidir en repensar las representaciones sociales y el discurso dominante sobre las drogas para tratar de redimensionar las consecuencias de la experimentación con sustancias psicoactivas, aumentar las percepciones de riesgo y promover cambios actitudinales que redunden positivamente en una tendencia salubrista a nivel global.

Neste artigo são descritos as representações sociais sobre a experiência dos jovens com substâncias psicoativas e as mudanças nas tendências dominantes sobre os riscos associados ao consumo de álcool na cultura mediterrânea e outras drogas, como os derivados canábicos ou os psicoestimulantes. Propõe-se, como estratégia preventiva e de intervenção psicossocial e sociocomunitária, atuar na reflexão das representações sociais e o discurso dominante sobre as drogas para redimensionar as conseqüências da experiência com substâncias psicoativas, aumentar as percepções do risco e promover mudanças de atitude que culminem em tendência positiva, salubre em nível global.